先天免疫主要通过快速诱导急性炎症来抵御“入侵者”或病原体。巨噬细胞和树突状细胞(DCs)是主要的免疫细胞,模式识别受体(PRRs)负责感知病原体相关分子模式(PAMPs)和损伤相关分子模式(DAMPs)。PRRs包含TLRs、NLRs和C型凝集素受体等。特别是,TLRs对介导炎症和外源性防御至关重要。TLR包含三个功能域并形成一个胞质近膜α-螺旋:i)富含亮氨酸重复序列(LRRs);ii)跨膜域;iii)Toll/白细胞介素(IL)-1受体(TIR)域。这些域有助于识别病毒和细菌成分以激活下游通路。随后,TLRs触发髓样分化初级反应-88(MyD88)-NF-κB通路或含TIR结构域的衔接蛋白诱导干扰素-β(TRIF),刺激诸如TNF-α、白细胞介素家族(如IL-1β、IL-4)、TGF-β和趋化因子等炎症因子。NLR是一类蛋白质,其N端具有核苷酸结合结构域(NBD/NOD),C端具有富含亮氨酸重复序列(LRR)结构域,这使它们能够识别多种配体。NOD1能够识别革兰氏阴性菌(G-)细胞壁中的二氨基庚二酸(γ-D-谷氨酰-内消旋二氨基庚二酸(iE-DAP),而NOD2则能识别肽聚糖二肽和病毒单链RNA。NOD2激活的免疫过程是这样的:活化的巨噬细胞吞噬病原体形成吞噬体,吞噬体与溶酶体融合形成吞噬溶酶体。此外,溶酶体将细胞壁分解为肽聚糖,产生肽聚糖二肽。然后肽聚糖二肽进入细胞质激活NOD2。活化的NOD2与丝氨酸-苏氨酸蛋白2(RIP2)形成二聚体,并募集半胱天冬酶激活和募集结构域(CARD),从而激活下游的TAK1和NF-κB。
免疫肽通过与脂多糖(LPS)结合或与病原相关分子模式(PAMPs)相互作用来调节先天免疫。当先天免疫被激活时,上皮细胞、炎症细胞和免疫细胞会产生宿主防御肽(HDPs)以促进或抑制炎症。免疫肽还能发挥抗菌作用并调节机体免疫。本文总结了12种先天免疫肽及其功能
【1】LL-37
募集中性粒细胞。上调促炎因子和细胞因子。过度表达激活自身免疫。
单字母 H2N-LLGDFFRKSKEKIGKEFKRIVQRIKDFLRNLVPRTES-OH
多字母 H2N-Leu-Leu-Gly-Asp-Phe-Phe-Arg-Lys-Ser-Lys-Glu-Lys-Ile-Gly-Lys-Glu-Phe-Lys-Arg-Ile-Val-Gln-Arg-Ile-Lys-Asp-Phe-Leu-Arg-Asn-Leu-Val-Pro-Arg-Thr-Glu-Ser-OH
氨基酸个数 37
分子式 C205H340N60O53
平均分子量(MW) 4493.26
参考文献:1. Yang De, Chen Q, Schmidt AP, Anderson GM, Wang JM, Wooters J, et al. Ll-37,the neutrophil granule–and epithelial cell–derived cathelicidin, utilizes formyl peptide receptor–like 1 (Fprl1) as a receptor to chemoattract human peripheral blood neutrophils, monocytes, and T cells. J Exp Med. (2000) 192:1069–74. doi: 10.1084/jem.192.7.1069
2. Lande R, Ganguly D, Facchinetti V, Frasca L, Conrad C, Gregorio J, et al.Neutrophils activate plasmacytoid dendritic cells by releasing self-DNA–peptidecomplexes in systemic lupus erythematosus. Sci Transl Med. (2011) 3:73ra19.doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3001180
3. Bogdanov IV, Streltsova MA, Kovalenko EI, Sapozhnikov AM, Panteleev PV,Ovchinnikova TV. Epithelial-immune cell crosstalk determines the activation of immune cells in vitro by the human cathelicidin LL-37 at low physiological concentrations. Biomolecules. (2023) 13:1316. doi: 10.3390/biom13091316
【2】Bac2A
诱导未分化的THP-1细胞发生趋化作用
单字母 H2N-RLARIVVIRVAR-CONH2
多字母 H2N-Arg-Leu-Ala-Arg-Ile-Val-Val-Ile-Arg-Val-Ala-Arg-CONH2
氨基酸个数 12
分子式 C63H121N25O12
平均分子量(MW) 1420.8
参考文献:
Bowdish DME, Davidson DJ, Scott MG, Hancock REW. Immunomodulatory activities of small host defense peptides. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. (2005) 49:1727–32. doi: 10.1128/AAC.49.5.1727-1732.2005
【3】IDR-1018
抵抗白色念珠菌感染。上调单核细胞趋化蛋白-1(MCP-1)和白细胞介素-10(IL-10)。抑制白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)和白细胞介素-12(IL-12)的表达
单字母 H2N-VRLIVAVRIWRR-CONH2
多字母 H2N-Val-Arg-Leu-Ile-Val-Ala-Val-Arg-Ile-Trp-Arg-Arg-CONH2
氨基酸个数 12
分子式 C71H126N26O12
平均分子量(MW) 1535.93
参考文献:
Freitas CG, Lima SMF, Freire MS, Cantuaria APC, Junior NGO, Santos TS, et al.An immunomodulatory peptide confers protection in an experimental candidemia murine model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. (2017) 61:e02518–16. doi: 10.1128/AAC.02518-16
【4】IDR-1002
促进趋化因子的生成。招募中性粒细胞和单核细胞/巨噬细胞。抑制由γ干扰素和干扰素调节因子8调控的网络。
单字母 H2N-VQRWLIVWRIRK-CONH2
多字母 H2N-Val-Gln-Arg-Trp-Leu-Ile-Val-Trp-Arg-Ile-Arg-Lys-CONH2
氨基酸个数 12
分子式 C79H130N26O13
平均分子量(MW) 1652.04
参考文献:
1. Niyonsaba F, Madera L, Afacan N, Okumura K, Ogawa H, Hancock REW. The innate defense regulator peptides IDR-HH2, IDR-1002, and IDR-1018 modulate human neutrophil functions. J Leukoc Biol. (2013) 94:159–70. doi: 10.1189/jlb.1012497
2. Nijnik A, Madera L, Ma S, Waldbrook M, Elliott MR, Easton DM, et al. Synthetic Cationic Peptide IDR-1002 Provides Protection against Bacterial Infections through Chemokine Induction and Enhanced Leukocyte Recruitment. J Immunol. (2010)184:2539–50. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901813
3. Wu BC, Lee AH-Y, Hancock REW. Mechanisms of the innate defense regulator peptide-1002 anti-inflammatory activity in a sterile inflammation mouse model. JImmunol. (2017) 199:3592–603. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700985
【5】Clavanin-MO
上调IL-10, GM-CSF, IFN-y, MCP-1.下调IL-12和TNF-a趋化作用
单字母 H2N-FLPIIVFQFLGKIIHHVGNFVHGFSHVF-CONH2
多字母 H2N-Phe-Leu-Pro-Ile-Ile-Val-Phe-Gln-Phe-Leu-Gly-Lys-Ile-Ile-His-His-Val-Gly-Asn-Phe-Val-His-Gly-Phe-Ser-His-Val-Phe-CONH2
氨基酸个数 28
分子式 C163H234N40O31
平均分子量(MW) 3249.85
参考文献:
Silva ON, de la Fuente-Nuñez C, Haney EF, Fensterseifer ICM, Ribeiro SM,Porto WF, et al. An anti-infective synthetic peptide with dual antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities. Sci Rep. (2016) 6:35465. doi: 10.1038/srep35465
促进一氧化氮的释放。增强巨噬细胞的吞噬作用。上调TNF-a, IL-2, IL-6 和IL-1β。
单字母 H2N-WQR-CONH2
多字母 H2N-Trp-Gln-Arg-CONH2
氨基酸个数 3
分子式 C22H33N9O4
平均分子量(MW) 487.56
参考文献:
Jiang W, Ren K, Yang Z, Fang Z, Li Y, Xiang X, et al. Purification, identification and molecular docking of immunomodulatory peptides from the heads of litopenaeus vannamei. Foods. (2022) 11(20):3309. doi: 10.3390/foods11203309
【7】ToAP3
降低促炎因子TNF-a and IL-1β
单字母 H2N-FIGMIPGLIGGLISAIK-CONH2
多字母 H2N-Phe-Ile-Gly-Met-Ile-Pro-Gly-Leu-Ile-Gly-Gly-Leu-Ile-Ser-Ala-Ile-Lys-CONH2
氨基酸个数 17
分子式 C81H139N19O18S1
平均分子量(MW) 1699.15
参考文献:
Veloso Junior PHDH, Simon KS, De Castro RJA, Coelho LC, Erazo FAH, De Souza ACB, et al. Peptides ToAP3 and ToAP4 decrease release of inflammatory cytokines through TLR-4 blocking. BioMed Pharmacother. (2019) 118:109152.doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109152
【8】ToAP4
降低促炎因子TNF-a and IL-1β,上调白细胞介素-10(IL-10)。T细胞介导的免疫调节
单字母 H2N-FFSLIPSLIGGLVSAIK-CONH2
多字母 H2N-Phe-Phe-Ser-Leu-Ile-Pro-Ser-Leu-Ile-Gly-Gly-Leu-Val-Ser-Ala-Ile-Lys-CONH2
氨基酸个数 17
分子式 C86H141N19O20
平均分子量(MW) 1761.16
参考文献:
Veloso Junior PHDH, Simon KS, De Castro RJA, Coelho LC, Erazo FAH, De Souza ACB, et al. Peptides ToAP3 and ToAP4 decrease release of inflammatory cytokines through TLR-4 blocking. BioMed Pharmacother. (2019) 118:109152.doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109152
【9】M2pep
靶向M2型巨噬细胞。
单字母 H2N-YEQDPWGVKWWY-OH
多字母 H2N-Tyr-Glu-Gln-Asp-Pro-Trp-Gly-Val-Lys-Trp-Trp-Tyr-OH
氨基酸个数 12
分子式 C83H101N17O20
平均分子量(MW) 1656.79
参考文献:
Cieslewicz M, Tang J, Yu JL, Cao H, Zavaljevski M, Motoyama K, et al. Targeted delivery of proapoptotic peptides to tumor-associated macrophages improves survival.Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A. (2013) 110:15919–24. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1312197110
激活M2型细胞上的CD206以诱导内吞作用和细胞凋亡。增强先天免疫。
单字母 H2N-KFRKAFKRFF-OH
多字母 H2N-Lys-Phe-Arg-Lys-Ala-Phe-Lys-Arg-Phe-Phe-OH
氨基酸个数 10
分子式 C69H103N19O11
平均分子量(MW) 1374.68
参考文献:
Jaynes JM, Sable R, Ronzetti M, Bautista W, Knotts Z, Abisoye-Ogunniyan A,et al. Mannose receptor (CD206) activation in tumor-associated macrophages enhances adaptive and innate antitumor immune responses. Sci Transl Med. (2020)12:eaax6337. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aax6337
【11】Histatin-1
抑制巨噬细胞释放促炎细胞因子。抑制MAPK信号通路。减少一氧化氮释放以保护眼表组织。
DpSHEKRHHGYRRKFHEKHHSHREFPFYGDYGSNYLYDN
参考文献:
Lee SM, Son K-N, Shah D, Ali M, Balasubramaniam A, Shukla D, et al. Histatin-1 attenuates LPS-induced inflammatory signaling in RAW264.7 macrophages. Int J Mol Sci. (2021) 22:7856. doi: 10.3390/ijms22157856
具有趋化中性粒细胞、单核细胞和巨噬细胞活性的免疫调节肽。IDR1发挥免疫调节作用,并通过MAPK及其他途径降低促炎因子的表达。
单字母 H2N-KSRIVPAIPVSLL-CONH2
多字母 H2N-Lys-Ser-Arg-Ile-Val-Pro-Ala-Ile-Pro-Val-Ser-Leu-Leu-CONH2
氨基酸个数 13
分子式 C65H118N18O15
平均分子量(MW) 1391.74
参考文献:Scott MG, Dullaghan E, Mookherjee N, Glavas N, Waldbrook M, Thompson A,et al. An anti-infective peptide that selectively modulates the innate immune response.Nat Biotechnol. (2007) 25:465–72. doi: 10.1038/nbt1288